Why has the Voynich Manuscript resisted every attempt at decipherment for 600 years?

A 600-year-old book written in an unknown script with bizarre illustrations of impossible plants. No codebreaker - not even AI - has cracked it.

The answer

The Voynich Manuscript, carbon-dated to 1404–1438 CE and housed at Yale University's Beinecke Library, contains 240 pages of text in an unknown writing system accompanied by illustrations of unidentifiable plants, astronomical diagrams, and naked figures in green liquid. World War II codebreakers, the NSA, and modern AI systems have all failed to decipher it. Statistical analysis shows the text has linguistic properties - word length distributions and character frequencies consistent with natural language - ruling out random gibberish. Theories range from an unknown natural language to an elaborate hoax by its first known owner, alchemist Georg Baresch, or even the 16th-century polymath Edward Kelley. A 2019 claim that it was written in proto-Romance shorthand was widely rejected by scholars.

Source: Yale University Beinecke Library

More from History & Civilization

All History & Civilization →